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• Studies to develop and test approaches to increase the durability of prevention strategies with previously demonstrated efficacy
• Studies to develop and test approaches to enhance the long term maintenance of risk reduction practices.
• Interventions which make use of innovative approaches for seeking and/or engaging high risk populations through venues, networks, service delivery systems, etc. and utilize new testing modalities to identify recent infection, or identify co-factors for HIV transmission
• Interventions that incorporate a syndemic approach to HIV prevention with consideration of substance use and comorbidities such as psychiatric disorder or infectious disease, along with contributory conditions such as intimate partner violence, childhood sexual abuse, stigma, or discrimination based on race/ethnicity, sexual minority membership or injection drug use.
• Studies using new and expanding technological approaches to recruit, enroll, and retain high risk groups (e.g., young men and women, MSM) who are difficult to reach by other means.
• Studies to identify and test interventions that integrate HIV prevention into primary care settings or other settings where these interventions traditionally are not offered (e.g., criminal justice, youth-serving organizations)
• Pilot feasibility evaluations of biological and combination biological/behavioral prevention modalities among substance using populations.
• Research that translates basic behavioral, cognitive, and social science findings about risky behavior (e.g., impulsivity, decision-making, risk-taking, sexual development, partner and peer relationships, etc.) into strategies for preventing HIV acquisition among substance using populations.
• Research addressing drug use among MSM, particularly young ethnic/racial minority MSM in the US and applicable MSM populations in international locations, particularly in countries with emergent HIV epidemics among substance using MSM.
• Development and evaluation of HIV/AIDS prevention interventions that incorporate reduction in stigma toward persons living with HIV/AIDS and persons at elevated risk.
• Develop and test interventions that meet prevention needs of persons whose risk persists despite previous engagement in typical prevention interventions (e.g., testing, risk reduction counseling, PrEP).
• Pilot or feasibility studies that take initial steps toward implementation of structural or community-level prevention interventions.

• Studies to optimize the provision of brief, evidence-based interventions to treat or reduce substance use in HIV at-risk populations.
• Studies to develop novel approaches for augmenting the impact of interventions of known efficacy to promote HIV treatment adherence and persistence.
• Feasibility and acceptability studies that incorporate technological tool(s) to promote patient engagement in HIV care (including early and efficient linkage to care; treatment adherence behaviors; and long-term retention in care) among drug using populations living with HIV.
• Early stage trials of integrated drug abuse treatment (behavioral or pharmacological) and HIV prevention interventions that address risky sexual behavior, risky injection practices, and overall risk reduction behaviors for adolescent and adult vulnerable populations (e.g., minorities, criminal justice populations, MSM, dually diagnosed individuals, etc.).
• Feasibility and acceptability studies of HIV risk reduction interventions for use during treatment, including those that target stress responses or other mental health variables likely to affect HIV risk behavior and which examine the mechanism of action of the intervention.
• Feasibility testing of new treatments for drugs of abuse which directly affect motivational systems related to risky sexual behavior (e.g., hyperarousal associated with stimulant use).
• Studies to Advance Program Implementation and Health Services Research:
• Improving access and quality of HIV prevention or treatment services for HIV+ drug users from vulnerable populations including women, adolescents, racial/ethnic minorities, sexual minorities, and those with coo-occurring disorders (e.g., psychiatric disorder, viral hepatitis).
• Pilot testing of interventions to improve the delivery of substance use treatment services for HIV at-risk populations in non-traditional settings such as schools, criminal justice, settings, primary care practices, and AIDS service organizations.
• Develop and pilot test interventions that provide integrated, holistic approaches to service delivery to HIV+ persons with comorbid substance abuse and/or mental health disorders (e.g., depression, PTSD, schizophrenia, and other disorders).
• Developing and evaluating innovative implementation strategies and novel service delivery strategies for the treatment and care for vulnerable HIV+ persons.
• Interventions that that target and address structural, organizational or policy interventions to address barriers to and facilitators of, the implementation of science-based HIV/AIDS treatment and/or prevention.
• Developing interventions that influence organizational structure, climate, and culture in order to promote organizational readiness and capacity for dissemination and adoption of evidence based practices.
• Evaluations of the adaptation process, and subsequent effectiveness of evidence-based interventions when implemented in real-world community and clinical settings.
• Pilot or feasibility studies that take initial steps toward implementation of structural approaches to improving the quality and appropriateness of services and/or access and utilization of services.

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